Name two common adverse effects of NSAIDs.

• A. Gastrointestinal irritation/ulcers and renal impairment
• B. Hypertension and tachycardia
• C. Drowsiness and dry mouth
• D. Hypoglycemia and weight gain

Answer: (A)

NSAIDs commonly cause gastrointestinal irritation/ulcers and renal impairment. This comes from how they inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, which lowers prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins help protect the stomach lining and support blood flow to the kidneys. When COX-1 is blocked, the stomach’s protective mucous layer is reduced, increasing the risk of gastritis, ulcers, and GI bleeding. In the kidneys, reduced prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation can decrease renal perfusion and glomerular filtration, potentially leading to acute kidney injury, especially in people who are dehydrated, elderly, or have underlying kidney disease. These two effects are the most commonly observed adverse effects with NSAIDs, so they’re the best answer. Other effects like drowsiness, dry mouth, hypoglycemia, weight gain, hypertension, or tachycardia are less characteristic or less common with typical NSAID use.